READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
If it weren’t for nicotine, people wouldn’t smoke tobacco. Why? Because of the more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, nicotine is the primary one that acts on the brain, altering people’s moods, appetites and alertness in ways they find pleasant and beneficial. Unfortunately, as it is widely known, nicotine has a dark side: it is highly addictive. [Crack IELTS with Rob] Once smokers become hooked on it, they must get their fix of it regularly, sometimes several dozen times a day. Cigarette smoke contains 43 known carcinogens, which means that long-term smoking can amount to a death sentence. In the US alone, 420,000 Americans die every year from tobacco-related illnesses. Breaking nicotine addiction is not easy. Each year, nearly 35 million people make a concerted effort to quit smoking. Sadly, less than 7 percent succeed in abstaining for more than a year; most start smoking again within days.
So what is nicotine and how does it insinuate itself into the smoker’s brain and very being? The nicotine found in tobacco is a potent drug and smokers, and even some scientists, say it offers certain benefits. One is to enhance performance. One study found that non-smokers given doses of nicotine typed about 5 percent faster than they did without it. To greater or lesser degrees, users also say nicotine helps them to maintain concentration, reduce anxiety, relieve pain, and even dampen their appetites (thus helping in weight control). Unfortunately, nicotine can also produce deleterious effects beyond addiction. [Crack IELTS with Rob] At high doses, as are achieved from tobacco products, it can cause high blood pressure, distress in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems and an increase in susceptibility to seizures and hypothermia. First isolated as a compound in 1828, in its pure form nicotine is a clear liquid that turns brown when burned and smells like tobacco when exposed to air.
It is found in several species of plants, including tobacco and, perhaps surprisingly, in tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (though in extremely low quantities that are pharmacologically insignificant for humans). As simple as it looks, the cigarette is a highly engineered nicotine delivery device. For instance, when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarette wasn’t released when burned but rather remained chemically bound within the tobacco leaf, they began adding substances such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotine. Ammonia helps keep nicotine in its basic form, which is more readily vaporized by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form. [Crack IELTS with Rob] Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotine. By inhaling smoke from a lighted cigarette, the average smoker takes 1 or 2 milligrams of vaporized nicotine per cigarette. Today we know that only a minuscule amount of nicotine is needed to fuel addiction. Research shows that manufacturers would have to cut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95% to forestall its power to addict.
When a smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette, smoke, including vaporized nicotine, is drawn into the mouth. The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine, but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs, where it easily diffuses into the blood vessels lining the lung walls. The blood vessels carry the nicotine to the heart, which then pumps it directly to the brain. While most of the effects a smoker seeks occur in the brain, the heart takes a hit as well. Studies have shown that a smoker’s first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minute.
Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected. Indeed, a nicotine molecule inhaled in smoke will reach the brain within 10 seconds. [Crack IELTS with Rob] The nicotine travels through blood vessels, which branch out into capillaries within the brain. Capillaries normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotine molecules as well. Once inside the brain, nicotine, like most addictive drugs, triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasure. Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the bloodstream, nicotine also easily diffuses through capillary walls.
It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurones – ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system. These impulses are the basis for our thoughts, feelings, and moods. To transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour, a neurone releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. Like nicotine molecules, the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptic space between neurones, ready to latch onto the receiving neurone and thus deliver a chemical “message” that triggers an electrical impulse. The neurotransmitters bind onto receptors on the surface of the recipient neurone. This opens channels in the cell surface through which enter ions, or charged atoms, of sodium.
This generates a current across the membrane of the receiving cell, which completes delivery of the “message”. An accomplished mimic, nicotine competes with the neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors. [Crack IELTS with Rob] It wins and, like the vanquished chemical, opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell. But there’s a lot more nicotine around than the original transmitter, so a much larger current spreads across the membrane. This bigger current causes increased electrical impulses to travel along certain neurones. With repeated smoking, the neurones adapt to this increased electrical activity, and the smoker becomes dependent on the nicotine.
Questions 15 - 21
Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the given information
NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage
15. Although nicotine is probably the well-known chemical in cigarettes, it is not nessarily the one that changes the psyche of the smoker when cigarettes are smoked.
NO16. In spite of the difficulties, according to the text more than thirty-five million people a year give up smoking.
NO17. It has been shown that nicotine in cigarettes can improve people’s abillities to perform some actions more quickly.
YES18. Added ammonia in cigarettes allows smokers to inhale more nicotine.
YES19. Snorted substances reach the brain faster than injected substances.
NOT GIVEN20. Nicotine dilates the blood vessels that carry it around the body.
NOT GIVEN21. Nicotine molecules allow greater electrical charges to pass between neurones.
YESQuestions 22 - 26
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER from Reading Passage 2 for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 22 - 26 on your answer sheet.
22. What is the natural colour of nicotine?
CLEAR23. By how much would cigarete companies have to cut the nicotine content in cigarettes to prevent them from being addictive?
95%24. Name ONE of 2 things that first take nicotine into a smoker’s body?
MOUTH LINING25. According to the passage, by how many beats a minute can a cigarette raise a smoker’s heart rate?
10 TO 2026. What type of cell in the human body encloses neurones?
NONEQuestion 27
From the list below choose the most suitable title for Reading Passage 2.
