Mock Test 7.1 | Academic Reading

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Ahead of its time

A chance discovery in New Zealand has challenged the country’s recorded history

One October afternoon, a young New Zealander, Sam Tobin, called his dogs and went for a walk down to the nearby Ruamahanga River. Having been very high for days, the river had at last fallen, and Tobin was eager to see what changes the floods had brought. The family farm borders the river and a four-metre-high flood bank testifies to its natural tendency to flood.

Tobin stepped out onto a broad shoulder of river sand, where he noticed what he initially took to be a whitish rock, lit by the sun. Then, getting closer, he realised it was a bone. Such a thing was not uncommon in these parts-he had often come across bone fragments, or even whole skeletons, of cows and sheep. [Crack IELTS with Rob] But as he scraped aside the stones he realised it was a human bone, something quite new in his experience. As he picked it up, he saw it was a skull, discoloured with age.

Tobin replaced the skull and hurried hime to tell his mother what the river had delivered to their doorstep. It would prove to be a spectacular find, setting in motion an investigation by some of the country’s most respected specialists, and ultimately challenging our most firmly held assertions about the human settlement of New Zealand.

The police were immediately called, but despite a thorough search could find nothing that might shed light on the identity of the Ruamahanga skull, or the circumstances of its sudden appearance. [Crack IELTS with Rob] The skull was then taken north to be examined by forensic pathologist Dr Ferris, at Auckland Hospital. Despite being hampered by its damaged and incomplete condition- the jawbone and lower left portion of the cranium were missing- Dr Ferris determined that the skull was that of a female. He then consulted with a colleague, Dr Koelmeyer, who believed that the deterioration of the bone placed the time of death before living memory’ and, most significantly as it would turn out, the skull appeared to be European in origin.

Wellington-based forensic anthropologist Dr Watt also examined the skull, and suggested it belonged to a 40-45 year-old. He believed that it could be the remains of an old farm burial, but was not certain, and proposed the use of radiocarbon dating to make sure it wasn’t a recent death. As a result, the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (GNS) in Lower Hutt was contacted, and provided with a sample of bone that had originated in the top of the skull. [Crack IELTS with Rob] In a little over three weeks the seemingly astonishing results from the GNS laboratory came back. Cutting through the bewildering complexity of the scientific analysis was a single line reading: conventional radiocarbon age approximately 296 years. This was staggering, for the skull was about 200 years older than Dr Koelmeyer had believed.

Of course, a skull of this age wasn’t particularly unusual in New Zealand. The Maori people have been living in the country for at least 800 years and scientists frequently come across human remains of considerable age. The fascinating question, however, was how a skull of this race, let alone this gender, had reached these remote islands in the South Pacific at such a time, long before the arrival of the explorer Captain Cook in 1769, and perhaps even before the very first European landfall- the fleeting visit of the Dutch explorer Tasman in 1642- neither of whom had women among their crews.

The first known European women in the Pacific came with a doomed colonising venture which sailed from Peru in 1595 under the command of Spanish captain Mendana. [Crack IELTS with Rob] However, it is unlikely the Ruamahanga skull originated from this expedition because no evidence of Mendana’s ships has ever been found in New Zealand, while a team of archaeologists working in the Solomon Islands in 1970 did discover the remains of European vessels dating from the 16^th century.

Two centuries were to pass before the first recorded European females arrived in New Zealand, both having escaped from prison in Australia. Kathleen Hagerty and Charlotte Edgar are known to have reached the country in 1806. How do we account for the Ruamahanga skull, which appears to be about 100 years older than that? [Crack IELTS with Rob] It is impossible to say with certainly, but the most likely explanation is that a Spanish or Portuguese trading-hip was washed onto these wild shores as a resul of a shipwreck and a woman got ashore. Implausible, perhaps, but the Ruamahanga skull, today resting in the Wellington Museum, could be the kind of concrete evidence that demands such a re-evaluation of history.

Questions 1 - 4

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. The Ruamahanga River often floods.
TRUE
2. When Tobin first found the object in the river, he mistook it for something else.
TRUE
3. Tobin could not decide what part of the body the bone came from.
FALSE
4. Tobin’s mother was surprised that the skull caused debate among specialists.
NOT GIVEN

Questions 5 - 9

Complete the flowchart below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from Passage 1 for each answer.

Write your answer in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.

The events after the river flooded

Stage 1: Tobin found a human skull

Stage 2: The (5) were initially involved in trying to explain the presence of the skull.

POLICE
Stage 3: Dr Ferris believed the skull belonged to a female

Stage 4: Dr Koelmeyer suggested it was a (6) skull

EUROPEAN
Stage 5: Dr Watt recommended (7) to establish the skull’s age.

RADIOCARBON
Stage 6: A bone (8) was sent to the GNS

SAMPLE
Stage 7: The age of the skull was about (9) years

296

Questions 10 - 13

Complete the notes below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

The problem of the skull’s origins

- Old bones common in NZ- Maori living there for 800 years

- Ruahahanga skull surprising because of its:

+ age

+ (10)

+ gender

RACE

Mendana expedition

- Possible source of skull

- But probably did not visit NZ

- Evidence of this expedition found elsewhere by (11)

ARCHAEOLOGISTS
New Zealand

- First European explorer arrived in 1642

- Hagerty and Edgar arrived in 1806 from (12) where they had been imprisoned

AUSTRALIA
Possible solution

- Ruamahange skull may have reached NZ in 17^th century after a (13)

SHIPWRECK