Practice Test 3.1 | Academic Reading

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Hydrogen Cars

A. Record gas prices are making road trips more expensive than ever. But what if, instead of gas, your car ran on the most abundant element in our universe? [Crack IELTS with Rob] Many experts think hydrogen will replace petrol, diesel and natural gas as the main fuel for cars, buses and trucks over the next few decades. Already car manufacturers around the world have invested billions of dollars in research and development.

B. The advantages of hydrogen are enormous: no more smog-forming exhaust gases, no more carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to global warming, no more worries about diminishing oil supplies and rising prices. But some tricky questions need to be answered before mass-produced hydrogen cars start appearing on the streets. Where will the hydrogen come from? How will motorists fill up? How will cars store the fuel? And there’s also the question of how best to tap the energy in the fuel for good, on-road performance.

C. Two kinds of engines can use hydrogen as a fuel; those that have an internal combustion engine converted to use it and those that are made up of a stack of fuel cells. Internal combustion engines have powered cars since they first began to replace horse-drawn carriages more than 100 years ago. These engines can be converted to run on a variety of fuels, including hydrogen. [Crack IELTS with Rob] However, most car makers think that fuel cells powering an electric motor offer a better alternative. Unlike heavy batteries that need frequent recharging, fuel cells make electricity as they go. Recent developments in technology too have greatly increased the amount of power that a stack of cells can provide. This has opened up the prospect of efficient, non-polluting electric cars.

D. Fuel cell technology sounds simple. The hydrogen fuel reacts with oxygen from the air to produce water and electricity, the reverse of the familiar electrolysis process that releases oxygen and hydrogen from water. In reality of course it’s a bit more complicated. The big advantage of a fuel cell engine over an internal combustion engine running on hydrogen is its greater efficiency. The same amount of hydrogen will take a fuel cell car at least twice as far as one with a converted internal combustion engine.

E. Hydrogen has many advantages as a fuel for vehicles, but a big disadvantage is that it is difficult to store. This is because at normal temperatures hydrogen is a gas. The obvious solutions are to strongly compress the hydrogen, or liquefy it. [Crack IELTS with Rob] However, tanks designed to hold hydrogen at extremely high pressures, or at temperatures approaching absolute zero, are heavy and expensive. So, high cost and the large amount of energy needed to liquefy the fuel are likely to be the main problems with refuelling with liquid hydrogen. Filling up with compressed hydrogen gas will probably prove more practical, even though it may reduce the distance between fills. Cars could store the hydrogen in high pressure tanks similar to those used for compressed natural gas or specially treated carbon may also hold large amounts.

F. Although there’s no risk that we’ll ever run out of hydrogen, on Earth it exists naturally only in chemical compounds, not as hydrogen gas. A relatively simple principal technology, steam reforming, can produce hydrogen gas for cars at central plants or filling stations. Alternatively fuel tanks could be filled with petrol or methanol, with the cars using on-board reformers to generate hydrogen for their fuel cells. [Crack IELTS with Rob] This shows promise as a transitional measure while research proceeds on the problems of storing hydrogen. Water is the only potentially pollution-free source of hydrogen. Researchers are looking at new ways of producing hydrogen from water such as using algae, bacteria or photovoltaic cells to absorb sunlight and split water into hydrogen and oxygen. But the technology most likely to be adopted on a large scale is electrolysis, which uses an electric current to split water into oxygen and hydrogen.

G. ‘Remember the Hindenburg’ – that’s a phrase often heard when hydrogen is discussed. This German passenger airship, kept aloft by hydrogen, crashed in flames as it came in to land at Lakehurst, New Jersey, USA in May 1937. Thirty-five people died. Nowadays helium, which can’t burn, is the gas of choice for lighter-than-air craft. [Crack IELTS with Rob] Hydrogen is highly flammable, but recent research has indicated that the airship’s fabric, not hydrogen, was the culprit in the Hindenburg disaster. Properly handled, there’s no reason to think hydrogen is any more dangerous as a fuel than petrol, the explosive liquid now carried safely in the tanks of untold millions of motor vehicles.

H. Recent technological advances, particularly in fuel cell design, have made hydrogen-powered cars a practical proposition, and car makers expect to start mass-producing them within the next decade or so. Their power and acceleration should match those of today’s conventionally-powered vehicles, but they may have to be refuelled more often. The best ways to produce, distribute and store the hydrogen still have to be sorted out. In the short term fossil fuels may remain in demand as a hydrogen source. [Crack IELTS with Rob] However, the idea that in the not too distant future most of us will be driving non-polluting cars fuelled by hydrogen from a clean, renewable source is no longer a flight of fantasy.

Questions 1 - 7

Reading Passage 1 has 8 paragraphs (A – H).
From the list of headings below choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B – H.
Write the appropriate number (i – xi) in boxes 1 – 7 on your answer sheet.

NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.

List of headings

i Hydrogen Storage
ii Traditional Production Methods
iii The Possible Danger of Combustible Hydrogen
iv A Plentiful Alternative
v Looking Forward
vi Good Idea but it takes time
vii Today’s Hydrogen Production
viii How the Process Works
ix Hydrogen Sources and Production
x The Workings of the Internal Combustion Engine
xi The Engine Dilemma

Example Answer
Paragraph A iv

1. Paragraph B
vi
2. Paragraph C
xi
3. Paragraph D
viii
4. Paragraph E
i
5. Paragraph F
ix
6. Paragraph G
iii
7. Paragraph H
v

Questions 8 - 12

Complete each of the following statements (Questions 8 - 12) with words taken from Reading Passage 1.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8 - 12 on your answer sheet.

8. There is no reason that we’ll run out of hydrogen as it’s the that exists.
MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT
9. have been devoted by companies to producing hydrogen cars.
BILLIONS OF DOLLARS
10. could use traditional fuels to produce the hydrogen needed to power hydrogen cars.
ON-BOARD REFORMERS
11. Investigations have proved that was the cause of the Hindenburg disaster.
THE AIRSHIP'S FABRIC
12. Hydrogen cars have the potential to offer the that we associate with today’s fossil fuel powered vehicles.
POWER AND ACCELERATION